All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. It measures average life expectancy, level of education and income for each country in the world. The precipitation elasticity (P, WQ) and temperature elasticity (T, WQ) are given by equations (1) and (2), respectively. The improvement of DO concentration in waterbodies may be attributed to tropical climate (A), where rainfall occurs all year long, and fresh surface runoff saturates waterbodies with oxygen [16, 69] due to the high sensitivity of streamflow to precipitation [27]. When air reaches the mountains, it is forced to rise over this barrier. Table 1. Zheng, W.; Xu, W.-L.; Chen, Y. The watershed topography and local socio-economics probably impact the sensitivity of the response of water quality to climate drivers. Thirdly, it may be attributed to exothermic reactions in the surface waters due to P-fertilizer, which enhances water temperature. ; Chun, Y. Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions Models: Geographic Scale and Resolution Implications for Network Resilience and Vulnerability. Mountains can have a significant effect on rainfall. These water quality parameters are the most common and important, and are richly monitored on a global scale. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd Yang, L.-J. income and education levels) as well as physical capital such as infrastructures (utilities, transport, telecommunications). Such a relation shows that the slope is a secondary variable rather than dominant explanatory variable [16, 77]. The concept of bivariate elasticity was introduced by Jiang et al (2014) in order to measure the response of water quality parameters to precipitation and temperature [28]. UDel_AirT_Precip data were obtained from the website of NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA. You seem to have javascript disabled. The possibility of economic exchange and industrial transfer is more significant in the subgroup, which is conducive to guiding the regional economys benign development from the whole networks perspective. prior to publication. We found that precipitation elasticity showed comparatively higher sensitivity to socio-economic and topographic factors at a global scale. Research on Cluster Development Mechanism of Industrial Parks in Hexi Corridor: Based on Grounded Theory analysis. As air cools, this water vapor is forced to condense, depositing rain or snow on windward slopes. On the other hand, it is connected with the neighboring Jinchang City in terms of material exchange at the level of production and consumption, connecting the belt industrial connection path as a network. Some studies have confirmed that temperature is the most important controlling agent for other factors such as precipitation, catchment size on soil erosion and subsequently sediment flux [72, 74]. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. The authors declare no conflict of interest. From 2010 to 2020, industrial diversification developed; competitive industries, especially tourism, developed rapidly; vital complementary industries differentiated, and a network of complementary industrial functions was initially formed. The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be. Figure 3. Do topographic maps indicate changes in elevation? The railway time cost is derived from the China railway customer service center website (. Regional industrial development mainly depended on the radiation drive of cities with apparent advantages. Latitude. affect farming. and X.X. Each of these city states could develop its own social structures (contrast Sparta and Athens). Firstly, we introduce an elasticity approach (climate elasticity of water quality (CEWQ)) to characterize the response of typical water quality parameters to air temperature and precipitations (or their relationships). For more information, please refer to Primary concentrations of human Based on the model, when topography over the selected region (KTU) is reduced to 25%, the mean rainfall (temperature) over east Africa is reduced (increased) by about 19% 2. Afed U Khan1,2, Jiping Jiang1,3, Peng Wang1,4 and Yi Zheng3, Published 11 October 2017 Gao, D.; Li, S. Spatiotemporal impact of railway network in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on accessibility and economic linkages during 19842030. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. ; visualization, X.X. where \overline T, \overline P and W\overline Q are the air temperature, precipitation and water quality at any given time, respectively. Wei, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, S.; Sono, D.; Xiu, C. Urban positionality in the regional urban network: Through the lens of alter-based centrality and national-local perspectives. This type of The results are as follows. Topography Affects Rain and SnowfallAs air rises, it also cools. What role did mountains play in the development of Ancient Greek culture? ; Nie, X.-Y. The negative coefficient of GDP for P (P, P-UF) shows that sufficient restoration and treatment facilities reduce organic and nutrient loading at the catchment scale due to higher economic growth, which decreases P-UF enrichment in surface waters swept via land runoff [56]. What topography is formed in divergent boundary? As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. Mountain ranges are natural barriers to air movement. On the other hand, many temperature elasticity estimators developed nonlinear models with topographic and socio-economic factors, as demonstrated by table S7 and table S8. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. Climatic Factors Affecting Farming. [. Li, J.; Qian, Y.; Zeng, J.; Yin, F.; Zhu, L.; Guang, X. This enabled the Spartan citizens to train in the art of battle. Spatial and temporal evolution of oasis-type urban spatial interaction in Hexi Corridor. Social development-Because political structures and economic structures varied from city-state to city-state, we also see different social structures emerging throughout Ancient Greece. Women in Athens were on the bottom rung of the social ladder and were not considered citizens. The direction and speed of the wind can be greatly affected by topography. This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. To summarize, this paper chooses the Hexi Corridor urban agglomeration as the research area, which is at the forefront of the opening up of the Belt and Road and located in an economically underdeveloped region with an extremely important geographical location. It also caused the Greeks to look outside of its peninsula for colonies that possessed soil that could be farmed. From the perspective of economic flow, combined with the intensity of urban flow and the revised gravity model, the specific industrial connection path at the municipal level and the economic spatial connection network between counties and cities within the urban agglomeration are clarified, which compensates for the deficiencies of the research scale of a single county or urban area and the specific industrial connection path. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. This meant different social structures, government systems, and military strategies. Mountainous areas what are the five factors that affect climate? Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. (3) The primary industrys industrial core backbone connection axis is mainly based on the closed triangular connection between Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Jinchang. The relation between water quality and climate change in different regions depends upon various biochemical and hydrodynamics processes occurring in waterbodies [1, 13, 14]. GDP acted as a stabilizing agent in maintaining CEWQ in both tropical (A) and temperate (C) climate classes, while runoff coefficient, slope and population density fuels the risk of instability in temperate climate class (C). If an area is close to a body of water it tends to make milder climates. Oymyakon is the coldest permanently-inhabited place on Earth and is found in the Arctic Circle's Northern Pole of Cold. from Rutgers University-New Brunswick/Piscataway. Saddles and gaps along a ridge will funnel the wind and increase its speed. The topography of an area can influence the weather and climate. Figure 2. How does topography affect soil formation? Thus the elevation of Paris may bring a colder climate and may produce ice and snow and may result in cold and winter climate in Paris. Land. It can also be considered a subfield or method in economics. Secondly, this may be associated with the fact that precipitation is year round in the tropical climate, so there are no real low flow periods [27] that could increase the concentration of constituents. Accessed 18 Jan. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Liu, S.; Wang, Y.; Yang, P.; Chevallier, J.; Xiao, Q. Spatial correlation effects of the economic value of green infrastructure (EVGI) on social network: Evidence from China. The temperature characteristics of a region are influenced by natural factors such as latitude, elevation, and the presence of ocean currents. It depends on how close or how far it is to the equator. Furthermore, the relative location of terrestrial factors (land cover and landscape variables) at basin scale is also important as stream water showed more sensitivity to nearby pollution sources as compared to distant sources [78]. Air expands as it rises, and the fewer gas moleculesincluding nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxidehave fewer chances to bump into each other. The concentration of orthophosphate is highly dependent on point source pollution (phosphorous related industries) rather than watershed characteristics [18]. There are several "regions" to Greece- Epirus to the northwest, Thessaly in the northeast, Central Greece in the center, and the Peloponnese, a hand-shaped protrusion, to the South. Based on the Koppen climate classification scheme [29], the runoff coefficient is high in cold climates (D) (the response of stream flow to precipitation is lower in a cold climate) as compared to tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climates [27]. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. ; Dang, X.-W. In this paper, the social network analysis software UCINET 6.2 was used to analyze the network density, centrality, and cohesive subgroups of the economic connection network of the urban agglomeration. Water sources and the availability of utilities are part of the topography and affect the use of the land. Figure 4. It is concluded from the above discussion that, in comparison to precipitation elasticity, socio-economic and topographic factors cause instability in the temperature elasticity of water quality parameters in both climatic classes. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. How does topography affect economic development? Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, 2. This can make Global distribution of temperature elasticity on five main water quality indexes. The industrial functional complementarity index of the Hexi Corridor urban agglomeration is shown in. The factors are: 1. Policy makers, and watershed and resource managers can take guidance from the developed empirical equations between the CEWQ and the above-mentioned factors for better water quality management of freshwater resources. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the ; Wang, L.-C.; Li, Q.-G.; Yan, C.-X. The runoff coefficient has a positive coefficient for T (T, NO3-F). College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China, Gansu Engineering Research Center of Land Utilization and Comprehension Consolidation, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China. Latest answer posted January 22, 2019 at 2:51:11 PM. See further details. In tropical climate class (A), gross domestic product (GDP) played an important role in stabilizing the CEWQ. Greece's topography was more important to its political and social development. Influence and Prediction of oasis urban expansion on Cultivated land space in Arid region: A case study of Hexi Corridor. It is important to investigate the potential impacts of socio-economic variables on the strength and direction of water quality response to climate factors. In 1933, it recorded its lowest temperature of -67.7C. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Xie X, Shi P. Dynamic Evolution and Collaborative Development Model of Urban Agglomeration in Hexi Corridor from the Perspective of Economic Flow. Humans and wild animals face new challenges for survival because of climate change. There are serious concerns that water quality impairment (fecal indicator bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorous) due to livestock grazing on public lands threatens human and ecological health [23, 24]. The urban flow intensity model was used to analyze the outward function of industrial sectors in the urban agglomeration in 2020 (, According to the structural decomposition of the urban flow intensity of specific cities (, The dominant flow method is used to analyze the intensity of the urban flow of the three industries in each city, identify the industrial core backbone connection axis, and obtain the three industries first, second, third, and fourth most dominant flow directions (. tectonic uplift, fluvial erosion and deposition, mass wasting, volcanic activity and glaciation. Areas near oceans and large lakes have smaller temperature ranges than landlocked, or continental, areas. Publishing, 49.6480.546 (mean slope) 0.140 (STD slope), 51.8200.573 (mean slope) 0.136 (STD slope) + 0.01 (N-fertilizer), 0.032+0.062 (GDP)0.0002 (elevation)+0.002 (area of watershed), 153.236+1.695 (mean slope)+0.286 (STD slope), 89.507+0.482 (mean dlope)5.957 (mean slope), 2.6386.336 (P-manure)+19.366 (P-manure). Now, we have got the complete detailed explanation and answer for everyone, who is interested! The total heat content of a system is directly related to the amount of matter present, so it is cooler at higher elevations. and P.S. Watershed topography, such as catchment area and slope, is an important element that affects surface waters and basin hydrology [1518]. Factors influencing global development Levels of development are determined by several factors: Physical factors some areas have a hostile or difficult landscape. Moist air will cool as it rises, and then the clouds release the water, causing precipitation like rain or snow. Zhao, J.; Sun, G.; Webster, C. Does China-Pakistan Economic Corridor improve connectivity in Pakistan? Wang, X.-Y. SMLR outputs for CEWQ on various Koppen climatic classes (A and C) are listed in table S6. An economic tie network-structure analysis of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang River based on SNA. Motions of the Earth: Increasing P (P, temperature) with sub-watershed area is a direct consequence of atmospheric energy input [38]. Chemical fertilizers have been the major cause of the green revolution, while manure is the traditional source for soil nutrition. There is a relationship between latitude and temperature around the world, as temperatures are typically warmer approaching the Equator and cooler approaching the Poles. Spatial organization and complexity of urban networks in China. Miao, H.-L.; Zhou, H. Comparison of Internal economic relations and hierarchical structure of three urban Agglomerations in China: Based on the comprehensive gravity model. 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