[392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. [445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. [128] The Germans sent Jews from all territories they had annexed (Austria, the Czech lands, and western Poland) to the central section of Poland, which was termed the General Government. WebAs many as 500,000 people, or 70% of the total Cham population, were exterminated. Winston Churchill received it, and Anthony Eden presented it to the British cabinet. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. Universities dismissed Jewish faculty and students. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. [213] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941. WebThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [234] Prisoners wore colored triangles on their uniforms, the color denoting the reason for their incarceration. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. [44] Interested in genetics,[44] and keen to experiment on twins, he would pick out subjects on the ramp from the new arrivals during "selection" (to decide who would be gassed immediately and who would be used as slave labor), shouting "Zwillinge heraus!" Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace. [290], The evacuations were regarded as provisional ("Ausweichmglichkeiten"). Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz. [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. [12][f], On 3 October 1941 the American Hebrew used the phrase "before the Holocaust", apparently to refer to the situation in France,[14] and in May 1943 the New York Times, discussing the Bermuda Conference, referred to the "hundreds of thousands of European Jews still surviving the Nazi Holocaust". [341] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[342]. (twins step forward!). [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. [117] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. [187][188][189], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. The Holocaust: Facts and Figures. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. [455] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. Now the world war has come. [374] By c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the mass killing of Jews in Auschwitz. The, Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view, Dictatorship and repression (January 1933), German Nazi Extermination camps in Poland, Invasion of the Soviet Union (22 June 1941), Pearl Harbor, Germany declares war on the United States, Polish resistance and flow of information. The courts reached a decision in 64,499 of those cases; 56,244 were in favor of sterilization. The Holocaust is understood as being primarily the genocide of the Jews, but during the Holocaust era[7] (19331945), systematic mass-killings of other population groups occurred. [255] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[273]. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. [419] According to Yad Vashem, "[a]ll the serious research" confirms that between five and six million Jews were murdered. But, tragically, gay Holocaust [334] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. Between 200,000 and 500,000 Roma and Sinti (pejoratively called gypsies) were killed during the Holocaust, along with millions of Slavs in the Soviet Union and Poland, and up to 250,000 disabled people. [258] Instead, Jews native to Bulgaria were sent to the provinces. [218] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. [359] In the occupied Polish and Soviet territories, thousands of Jews fled into the swamps or forests and joined the partisans,[360] although the partisan movements did not always welcome them. [387] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. [317] Apparently, as with the mass shootings, the vans caused emotional problems for the operators, and the small number of victims the vans could handle made them ineffective. [106][k] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. In a memorandum ten days after the invasion, "U odbilo idom! [264] Most Italian Jews, over 40,000, survived the Holocaust. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. [41], At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments; most died during them or as a result. Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. Eventually, thousands of camps and other detention sites were established across German-occupied Europe. [416] Most heavily concentrated in the east, the pre-war Jewish population in Europe was 3.5million in Poland; 3million in the Soviet Union; nearly 800,000 in Romania, and 700,000 in Hungary. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [112] Attacks took place in Austria too. They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers. [196], In the Bulgarian annexed zones of Macedonia and Thrace, upon demand of the German authorities, the Bulgarians handed over the entire Jewish population, about 12,000 Jews to the military authorities, all were deported. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[186] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. [175], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. The ascendance of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the First World War. [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". On 6 January 1942, the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov, sent out diplomatic notes about German atrocities, based on reports about mass graves and bodies surfacing in areas the Red Army had liberated, as well as witness reports from German-occupied areas. [227] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners but killed them more frequently. A range of methods were used, with [110] At least 90 Jews were murdered. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [315] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[316] and in Yugoslavia. [201] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. Prisoners condemned to death by the Gestapo are murdered by the first two methods. [432], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". This is thought to refer to Mengele's academic supervisor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, director from October 1942 of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics in Berlin-Dahlem. Companies fired Jews and later used them as slave labor. [208], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. The second [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [85] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, and on 11 December, Germany declared war on the United States. [235] Jews wore two yellow triangles, one over another to form a six-pointed star. [123], Between 2.7 and 3million Polish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, out of a population of 3.33.5 million. [328] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. [418] Historians' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000. [c], Death rates were heavily dependent on the survival of European states willing to protect their Jewish citizens. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. These included Roma, Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and other targeted populations. [482] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[483] and Nazi comparisons are common. [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[4]. [484] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany, "Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. [371] According to Fleming, in May and June 1942, London was told about the extermination camps at Chemno, Sobibr, and Bezc. [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). "[287] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. [429], A 1995 paper published by M. V. Filimoshin, an associate of the Russian Defense Ministry, put the civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany at 13.7million. [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. [129] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. The full extent of Mengele's work is unknown because records he sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have been destroyed. [205] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. "[260], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[261] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. [459], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected; the Nazis saw them as "asocials", rather than sexual deviants. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1million. [147] Nearly 1,000 were executed for having done so,[141] and Yad Vashem has named over 7,000 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations. [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. [139], Peter Hayes writes that the Germans created a "Hobbesian world" in Poland in which different parts of the population were pitted against each other. [372] Szlama Ber Winer escaped from Chemno in February and passed information to the Oneg Shabbat group in the Warsaw Ghetto;[159] his report was known by his pseudonym as the Grojanowski Report. Between 15 May and early July 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported, mostly to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered by gas; there were four transports a day, each carrying 3,000 people. [168], Germany invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940, during Operation Weserbung. How Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party turned anti-Semitism into genocide. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (known as the Claims Conference) was opened in New York, and after negotiations the claim was reduced to $845 million. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. [466], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Nazis came to power. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. [265] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 were murdered. [473] Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe. [42], After the war, 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity. [4] By the spring or summer of 1942, gas chambers had been installed in these new facilities, except for Chemno, which used gas vans. [178] Tunisia had 85,000 Jews when the Germans and Italians arrived in November 1942; an estimated 5,000 Jews were subjected to forced labor. By the end of the Holocaust, six million European Jews were murdered. [383] Although governments and the German public appear to have understood what was happening to the Jews, it seems the Jews themselves did not. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. [194], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. p.171. [453], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. [p] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. [312] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. [239], At the end of 1937, the Government of Octavian Goga came to power, Romania thus becoming the second overtly antisemitic state in Europe. [79] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. [247][249], Thousands of Jews were murdered in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest pogrom and Iai pogrom. [292][x] The final solution would encompass the 11million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments". The latter were murdered during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which was first established in 1939. [200], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. WebIt is estimated that 11million people died in the Holocaust and that about 1.1million of those were children. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. `` asocials '', rather than sexual deviants be removed from society in of... 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