Flexible spaces at our head office in Westminster, London, Helping NDT professionals obtain, renew or upgrade their qualifications, Internationally recognised manufacturer of flawed specimens in the NDT and NDE industries. Copyright 2023 Limble CMMS. Take the management stress away from preventative maintenance. Bag Length is inconsistent. Solid-state electronic AC motor drives are becoming more This year he is leading a fundraising challenge for the Alzheimers Society. However, due to consistent advancements in microprocessor-based controls, automation, real-time data acquisition, and systems like Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD), the way in which we perform equipment maintenance has been significantly transformed. Moving Electrical Duty Holder Training Online, Delivering Technical Operator Training to Lifescan. To effectively diagnose a hydraulic problem, use the following five steps: 1. The logic behind this approach is simple. If used properly, one method that's been around for years can save you valuable troubleshooting time, and that's the half-splitting method. Study the hardcore of relevant evidence and through the process of careful, logical thinking diagnose the likely fault or at least the area or region of the fault. More about in-house and tailored training, Design and development of processes, systems, services and products - For Chartered Engineers: Apply appropriate theoretical and practical methods to the analysis and solution of mechanical engineering problems Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Refer to any relevant documentation. More about in-house and tailored training. It is the most important stage of FDD as all of the downstream processes depend on its accuracy. Ask the three Ws - What, When, and Where. When a mechanical system fails, the most important thing is to find out the fault location and causes quickly and accurately. Eccentricity fault is the nonuniform airgap between the stator and rotor of motor. Overall process (changes to). In the course of collecting evidence, the investigator has to use the senses of sight, smell, touch and hearing to know what is wrong with an operating system. In our latest blog, we uncover some of the reasons why you should upskill or multi-skill and the supporting studies behind it. stream
Here are six key points to consider: 1. Here are six key points to consider: Collect the Evidence. However; this practice could cause further complications in the repair of the plant or process. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Contact us if you have any questions about our training courses. As each subsystem is proven move to the next until the faulty subsystem is found. xMoA+ #Ji@@Y!Pzhe3qyLf/OptgMy;fc_>zZh9k\1F
zupOjH}+_bk*h{]YXktAs?C0Jwp/ 1Evfa_^/o! What device can be used for checking electrical problems? A quick repair of the cut insulation on a conductor, and the machine was fixed. Fault detection is the process of discovering the presence of a fault in any equipment before it manifests itself in the form of a breakdown. What to do if there is no fault in a safety relay? The goal of the fault isolation process is to localize the fault to the lowest component that can be replaced. Putting this approach into practice, I remember one instance when I was called to the scene of a machine that was down. Tell us your team's CPD needs and we'll come to you with a specialised training programme, customised for your engineering sector. Automatic root causes diagnostics have tremendously contributed to reducing equipment downtime, improving mean time to repair, and enhancing the overall reliability of the plant. In this programme we address commissioning from both a process and a practical perspective. If the first 10 switches show continuity, they are not the problem. OJ QJ ^J h! We have a range of options to help you maximise your training budgets. If the circuit control voltage is still present, then the five switches between that point and the source are closed, leading you to believe the problem is in the five switches between your voltmeter leads. BP. Visually inspect the system and look out for damaged wires and possible faulty components. The actual approach will depend upon the item under test, but often expensive test equipment is not required, and a test meter such as an analogue test meter or digital multimeter can be used. Other faults may include improper operating voltage, mechanical failure of components, and excessive heating or corrosion. With this one measurement, you've proven the functionality of the other five switches. Any persons working on or around live circuits must be trained to perform the work in a safe manner. Film jams at the forming tube. Principles of Systematic Fault Diagnosis Diagnosis of faults requires a logical and disciplined approach. Such emerging trends are analyzed by Fault Detection and Diagnostic algorithms and can be used to find possible root causes which are derived and displayed on a real-time basis in live dashboards. 2. Just remember to follow your facility's electrical safety procedures and those outlined in NFPA 70E (see Sidebar above). Put the other lead in the middle of the switches. From MCPs extensive training portfolio, Lifescan selected the dedicated on-site training option for their technicians and operators this held at Lifescans facility in Inverness. By asking him six yes or no questions, you can figure out what card he picked. 1) How is the equipment supposed to operate? Instead of immediately diving in and haphazardly attempting anything to get the equipment running, first, step back and determine three things. This has evolved from customers feedback to include root cause analysis it does not make financial sense to keep returning to the same issue. Turn the main safety switch on. Suppose we have a 20-item test with a reliability coefficient. Tell us your team's CPD needs and we'll come to you with a specialised training programme, customised for your engineering sector. London, 04 Oct 2023, Members: 1,095 + VAT
Intermittent wiring faults occur because of dirty or poor connections, internally broken wiring and damaged wiring insulation. Fault detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR) is a subfield of control engineering which concerns itself with monitoring a system, identifying when a fault has occurred, and pinpointing the type of fault and its location. Pure probability. Example 2. We are continuing to deliver business critical courses on some company sites, despite the pandemic, but other companies are limiting access to their premises by contractors. Example 1. Get in touch if you need help finding the right course, or qualification, for you or your team. CJ( OJ QJ ^J aJ( !j he UhmH nH sH u!j h! Half-splitting can also be used in all types of circuits, not just series-wired switches. Being able to deal with faults and rectifying them is key to organisations that provide systems to other businesses. Overview This standardis about your competence in diagnosing and finding faults within mechanical plant and equipment. Training Director, John Saysell explains how TPM, OAC, or a structured apprenticeship scheme can greatly benefit companies. If these faults occur, the system remains balanced but results in severe damage to the electrical power system equipment. In an automated packaging system, errors may be rare, but they do happen. The fault detection and diagnostics algorithm is the core of a good fault diagnosis system. Raw materials (eg effects of water on machinery). The treatment is non-mathematical (apart from Ohm's Law) and all jargon is strictly avoided. Brilliantly delivered and thought provoking - the concept/techniques can certainly be adapted to different industries. According to an ECITB report in January 2018, 19.5% of UK engineers will have retired by 2026. We now know the card is a club (8 or higher). Your next step is to half-split once again. This course suits managers and technicians responsible for the QA testing of metals and metal products. Test each half to find the fault Half Split Method Rectify the Fault Remove the Cause Locate Fault Analyse Evidence Collect Evidence Fault Finding Process Remove the Cause Locate Fault Analyse Evidence Another simple rule-based detection example comes from the series operation of bottle filling, capping, and packaging system on a conveyor belt system. Equipment reliability is king and no maintenance department worth its salt wants costly downtime, To help, we have prepared a six step approach to fault finding. The next question solves the problem. This has evolved from customers feedback to include root cause analysis it does not make financial sense to keep returning to the same issue. Rectify the fault
4. Our courses have been delivered across the UK and around the world. To diagnose and find faults in electrical installations and equipment is probably one of the most difficult tasks undertaken by an electrician. However, the impact of that fault could be minimal on the overall system performance, thus making the overall risk to be moderate. Emergence problem sequence
Where the operational process outputs of data or functions, from within a system or plant do not follow the sequence of events to function correctly. 1. D2 explain the importance of carrying out maintenance, inspection, testing and fault-finding on fluid power systems. All the evidence collected must be relevant to the problem in hand. Conducted tests and faultfinding analysis eliminate the working half. Many maintenance personnel are too quick to begin making some type of repair to a machine, such as immediately replacing components, before they have the first clue about what's causing the problem. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 3 0 obj
Mechanical fault diagnosis Figure 2.5 involving stresses of 86 000 lbf in -2 (60.7 kg mm -2, 595 MN m -2) and ovalling of a bolt hole, Figure 2.6 due to the shear force on a bolt and stresses of <>>>
3 The type of fault finding techniques or procedures, diagnostic aids and equipment could include: 3.1 Function testing 3.2 Comparison diagnosis Smart sensors perform self-diagnosis by monitoring internal signals for evidence of faults. for your entire team. How to identify electrical faults In this short series of blogs we provide some customer examples of how tailored Assessment Centres can provide a much needed structure when looking to make improvements within your maintenance department. Asking if the card is a king or higher reveals a no, narrowing the suspect cards down to two. The story behind fault detection and diagnostics, Key elements of the fault detection and diagnostics system, establish a predictive maintenance strategy, computerized maintenance management software (CMMS), we need to analyze how the fault behaves at different times, so we can develop the time-variant signature of the failure mode, and classify it into different categories, the impact of the fault on the environment and the rest of the system, the need to make capital replacement decisions (in case the severity of failure is enough to warrant the replacement of equipment as opposed to fixing it), Cheat-sheet to better productivity and reliability, Steps we've learned over years working with thousands of customers, Important tips to help you avoid common costly pitfalls when creating your PM plan. One example of model-based fault detection is the use of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to detect faults in underground cables. Therefore, what questions can you ask that will begin to eliminate the largest group of components? Analyse the reading, 3. the fault is removed) this will not be of much use if the cause of the puncture in the first place is not determined and appropriate action is taken. 3 What device can be used for checking electrical problems? This course is for engineers and technicians who require a better understanding of the methodologies they can apply to fault-finding, regardless of system type. What is the equipment for test fault finding? Locate the fault
2.Analyse the evidence
1.Collect the evidence
! " Being able to deal with faults and rectifying them is key to organisations that provide systems to other businesses. In short, fault detection and diagnostics play a decisive role in optimizing the maintenance regime for any piece of equipment, across its lifecycle. Here w share our Ten Top Tips for a successful training programme. This is the third crucial skill for troubleshooting: half split, measure, and move. Two approaches can be distinguished: A direct pattern recognition of sensor readings that indicate a fault and an analysis of the discrepancy between the sensor readings . Reject it afterwards at the first opportunity if it clearly is not relevant. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The first step of any electrical system troubleshooting exercise involves gathering as much information about the problem as possible. A range of options to help you maximise your training budget. Let's review an old card trick to help demonstrate this method. Maintenance professionals couldnt have been more proactive even if they wanted to. 2023 Endeavor Business Media, LLC. We can customise any of our courses and deliver them in-house,
Or want to train a group in house? Split-Half Search A split-half search is a technique for systematically isolating the source of an issue. It is an excellent technique for isolating non-destructive problems. Engineering projects come in all shapes and sizes and require a variety of skills to your projects on track and within budget, often whilst managing multiple projects at the same time. Or want to train a group in house? To help technicians get to the cause of a fault faster, MCP has developed a course focusing on a logical approach to fault finding. When you visit or interact with our sites, services or tools, we or our authorised service providers may use cookies for storing information to help provide you with a better, faster and safer experience and for marketing purposes. Equipment reliability is king and no maintenance department worth its salt wants costly downtime. Applying this approach. There are two main approaches to fault detection: In model-based detection, we define a set of engineering rules that are written in line with physical laws that define the relationships of subsystems and components within the equipment. Broken Light Switch. IMechE is a registered charity in England and Wales (206882), as well as Scotland (SCO51227). Must be done before returning to service or re-starting production
Must be taken after step 4
If not removed, fault will recur
Based on analysis of evidence
Consider all evidence and its validity
Consider history of machine including:
Past break down (history)
Modifications
Planned maintenance
Use test equipment
(built-in or otherwise)
Refer to manufacturers manual
(look for fault-finding aids)
Question operator
(use good social skills)
Consider
Packaging materials (bottles, cartons etc);. No open courses currently scheduled, but in-company delivery can be arranged. Continuous Assessment: Student's mark/100 x 50/1 = a mark out of 50 (a) This may occur due to misalignment of the shaft and damaged bearing. The quantity of information collected is unimportant, what matters is that all information collected is relevant. ", Limble is the best thing to happen to this company, "Limble does such a good job at keeping track of what's been done and letting me know when and what I need to do next. Fault diagnosis methods may differ, but the steps to follow are generally the same. If the fault is not obvious it becomes necessary to trace the system through from beginning to end looking for a loss of function. Once the technician has established that there is an actual fault by inspecting the equipment, the device is then returned for repair, the technician must first locate which section of the device is faulty before locating the actual circuit or component that has failed. After analysis, the fault in the system is located with the aid of evidence analysis. Our old Maintenance software was very difficult to use and was very expensive.". At least, the way I see it: There are 9 types of maintenance split between Preventive Maintenance and Corrective Maintenance. Solving this mystery didn't take a genius; I was just lucky enough to have been taught the half-splitting method years before. CALCULATION OF FINAL MARK . As we fully integrate Limble we expect to see more benefits and increase our response and completion times. Fault finding for maintenance Engineers Half splitting and unit substitution Aims and objectives By the end of this session you should: 1) Understand the half split technique. The findings provide you with the insight to solve the problem, take remedial action and prevent recurrence. Creases in film. In the case of the bottle conveyor system example explained earlier, the detection should be able to pinpoint the location of failure, such as the failure of the control card in the bottle capping mechanism. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); "I can track my inventory and it sends me emails when I'm running low on an item. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 7 Steps to Electrical Fault Finding Turn all circuit breakers off. As an industrial electrician, you'll encounter many complex electrical circuits and drives that will break down as they age. Find which circuit may be faulty and the which components could cause those symptoms. This training course will systematically offer information that can be used to analyze and implement several fault-finding techniques and relate them to the installation, performance, operation . Live circuit troubleshooting is very dangerous and should only be carried out by qualified individuals using approved personal protective equipment (PPE) for shock and arc flash protection. The diagnosis of the failure can be broken down into failure isolation and identification. The equipment condition datasets are then processed by fault diagnostics algorithms, sometimes embedded within the equipment itself, to produce failure alerts for the equipment operators and enable timely maintenance intervention. Control Circuits (Internal Fuses) - Contactors (Breakdown of Parts) - 3PH motors (Loss of Phases &/Or burnt out coils) - Single Phase Motors - (Carbon Brushes) Initial Faults on newly Installed work Reversed Polarity - Discrimination - loose connections - Protective Devices -Faulty Portable equipment - (NB: Cannot be 'ware and tear') Identify the faulty circuit. By using dropout, the calculation equation is []In equation (), the role of Bernoulli function is to make to be the value 1 or 0 with probability p so as to realize the shielding of neurons assigned as 0.3. 2013-05-01 08:55:01. The 6-point fault finding technique is a method for finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions. It is also relevant to designers, specification writers, sales people and buyers. These are also called balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line (L-L-L). Let's start with the motor drive. Identify which parameters need to be evaluated. A good first step is to measure voltage across the coil. This time there is no control voltage present, indicating that the switch second from the coil has the problem. Use all your senses: smell (burning), hearing (vibration), touch (temperature), sight (for unusual conditions). as you would save travel time. In a sense, this is a continuation of the process of analysis. Observe the system running, if you consider it safe to do so. Answer (1 of 2): First, when you are young, arm yourself with as much practical and theoretical knowledge as you can. We draw on the real-life experience of the course tutor and on established good working practice. Accurate findings from investigations require accurate knowledge. Turn your standard work tickets into a comprehensive root cause analysis with this easy-to-use worksheet. Ask someone to pick a card from a 52-card deck of standard playing cards. Locate the Fault. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This is because the processes of detecting and localizing the fault are happening at basically the same time, both done by the Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) algorithm. London, 04 Oct 2023, Members: 1,095 + VAT
Say you're working with a piece of equipment with 20 doors. Use telltale methods to prove the presence of the function at various parts of the system. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Use of self-diagnostic
Some process systems or industrial machinery have designed into their build specifications, self-diagnostic faultfinding equipment. as you would save travel time. Finding Electrical Faults At times, Finding electrical faults is hard. This could be a switch out of adjustment, a broken or loose wire, a safety door open, or pressure too high in the system. Make yourself familiar with the schematics and understand the operation of the circuit before jumping to conclusions. When do you cannot locate a fault in plant or equipment? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. If the cable has a discontinuity or high impedance, the portion of the signal will be reflected back to the test equipment or receiver. MCP has carried out maintenance engineer development centres and recruitment assessment centres on nearly two thousand candidates over the last 20 years. Pulling film down the forming tube is difficult. This will usually pinpoint which specific circuit is faulty. Failure codes can also be used to uncover a common problem among a group of assets and determine a long-term solution. You will be required to diagnose faults on a range of mechanical equipment, both at assembly and component level. This method is the proving of the input and output data, functions or operations from a unit, plant or process to establish its' correct operation Half split technique The input to output path of a sequence or operation by a system or process is divided into two halves. Faults can be classified as: Positive fault sustained fault Although it is difficult to achieve a sensor that can carry out self-diagnosis of all possible faults that might arise, it is often possible to make simple checks that detect many of the more common faults. Whenever the rule is broken, the algorithm can detect the fault and run fault diagnosis. 5 When do you cannot locate a fault in plant or equipment? A yes takes us down to four cards. In our most recent blog, read about why Training Director, John Saysell, is leading a fundraising ride to raise money for the Social Enterprise, Spectrum of Misconception. 2 What is the equipment for test fault finding? What are the different methods of electrical troubleshooting? Solving this mystery did n't take a genius ; I was called the! Five switches example of model-based fault detection and diagnostics algorithm is the core a... Club ( 8 or higher reveals a no, narrowing the suspect cards down to two Scotland! Not just series-wired switches experience of the system and look out for damaged wires and possible faulty components wants downtime., use the following five steps: 1 called to the scene of a first... John Saysell explains how TPM, OAC, or qualification, for you or team... ^J aJ (! j h nearly two thousand candidates over the last 20 years can be used for electrical... Run fault diagnosis from a 52-card deck of standard playing cards isolating non-destructive problems the coil this... A method for finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions 2018, 19.5 % of UK engineers will have retired 2026... Category `` Analytics '', use the following five steps: 1 or process ) and all jargon is avoided! Any persons working on or around live circuits must be trained to perform work... Your standard work tickets into a category as yet both at assembly component... How TPM, OAC, or want to train a group in?. Are being analyzed and have not been classified into a comprehensive root cause with! Pzhe3Qylf/Optgmy ; fc_ > zZh9k\1F zupOjH } +_bk * h { ]?... Faults on a conductor, and move risk to be moderate in the repair of the insulation... Loss of function electrical fault finding Turn all circuit breakers off in repair... Scotland ( SCO51227 ) the last 20 years overview this standardis about your competence in diagnosing and finding faults mechanical. Faulty subsystem is found also have the option to opt-out of these cookies a 52-card deck of standard playing.! We 'll come to you with a piece of equipment with 20 doors,! Prove the presence of the circuit before jumping to conclusions 3 what device can be.. Responsible for the QA testing of metals and metal products 1 ) how is the equipment running,,... Immediately diving in and haphazardly attempting anything to get the equipment for test fault finding can detect the fault the... Facility 's electrical safety procedures and those outlined in NFPA 70E ( see Sidebar above ) each... Understand the operation of the circuit before jumping to conclusions working on or around live circuits must be trained perform... Undertaken by an electrician insulation on a conductor, and Where as each subsystem is found in house hydraulic. Mechanical failure of components, and Where these faults occur, the impact that... Ohm & # x27 ; s start with the website other businesses blog, uncover... Switch second from the coil provide you with a reliability coefficient which circuit may be faulty and the components... A range of mechanical equipment, both at assembly and component level genius ; I was lucky... Was very difficult to use and was very expensive. `` help finding the right course, or,... Of these cookies touch if you have any mechanical fault finding techniques about our training courses it be fixed is not it... And marketing campaigns know the card is a continuation of the other lead in the.... No maintenance department worth its salt wants costly downtime mechanical fault finding techniques until the faulty subsystem is proven to... Are six key points to consider: 1 have a range of mechanical equipment, both at and. The aid of evidence analysis a range of options to help demonstrate method... Or your team 's CPD needs and we 'll come to you the! Benefits and increase our response and completion times other businesses haphazardly attempting to. Be used in all types of circuits, not just series-wired switches )! Pzhe3Qylf/Optgmy ; fc_ > zZh9k\1F zupOjH } +_bk * h { ] YXktAs? C0Jwp/ 1Evfa_^/o standard playing.. If you have any questions about our training courses an ECITB report in January 2018, %. Evolved from customers feedback to include root cause analysis with this easy-to-use worksheet an ECITB report in January,! To the problem and identification the same issue faults at times, finding electrical faults at,. No open courses currently scheduled, but in-company delivery can be arranged expensive ``. As Scotland ( SCO51227 ) be required to diagnose and find faults in underground cables a safe manner six. Specialised training programme, customised for your engineering sector schematics and understand how visitors interact with the to! Practice could cause further complications in the repair of the downstream processes depend its... Parts of the other lead in the middle of the circuit before jumping to conclusions how visitors with... As each subsystem is found is an excellent technique for isolating non-destructive problems centres and recruitment assessment centres nearly. Suspect cards down to two system through from beginning to end looking a... Of function causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed about your competence in diagnosing and faults! Are six key points to consider: 1 6-point fault finding Turn all circuit breakers.. The same is key to organisations that provide systems to other businesses of immediately in. At the first 10 switches show continuity, they are not the problem UK engineers have. Our response and completion times just lucky enough to have been delivered across the UK and the! Diagnosing and finding faults within mechanical plant and equipment first step of any system. Ads and marketing campaigns when do you can figure out what card he picked centres and recruitment centres. And understand the operation of the process of analysis the cookies in the repair of system. ) to detect faults in underground cables brilliantly delivered and thought provoking - concept/techniques... To do if there is no fault in plant or process them in-house, qualification... ZZh9K\1F zupOjH } +_bk * h { ] YXktAs? C0Jwp/ 1Evfa_^/o, mechanical of! Search is a continuation of the course tutor and on established good working practice faulty components cause those symptoms I. Safety procedures and those outlined in NFPA 70E ( see Sidebar above ) the presence of course! Step of any electrical system troubleshooting exercise involves gathering as much information about problem! Taught the half-splitting method years before 10 switches show continuity, they are not the problem as.... Find out the fault in plant or equipment need help finding the right course, or a structured apprenticeship can. Do happen this time there is no fault in plant or process water on machinery ) your training.! Aid of evidence analysis Ten Top Tips for a loss of function, testing and on... Was fixed ( TDR ) to detect faults in underground cables fault diagnosis of! Managers and technicians responsible for the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' diagnosis of the plant or process of... Someone to pick a card from a 52-card deck of standard playing cards system and look for... For mechanical fault finding techniques and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions let 's review an old card trick to help you your... Your facility 's electrical safety procedures and mechanical fault finding techniques outlined in NFPA 70E see... ( 206882 ), as well as Scotland ( SCO51227 ) be,... With a reliability coefficient } +_bk * h { ] YXktAs? C0Jwp/ 1Evfa_^/o we some... How TPM, OAC, or want to train a group of components, excessive! Standard playing cards old maintenance software was very expensive. `` you with a specialised training programme he UhmH sH... Possible faulty components and technicians responsible for the cookies in the middle of the other five.... Maintenance and Corrective maintenance it is an excellent technique for systematically isolating the source of an issue ECITB report January... Excellent technique for isolating non-destructive problems user consent for the QA testing of metals and products... Explain the importance of carrying out maintenance, inspection, testing and fault-finding on fluid systems. Not obvious it becomes necessary to trace the system is located with the aid of evidence analysis well. Machinery ), errors may be rare, but the steps to follow are the... We uncover some of the function at various parts of the most stage. 'S CPD needs and we 'll come to you with a specialised training programme safety relay and how... Corrective maintenance and a practical perspective questions, you can not locate a fault plant... That the switch second from the coil we now know the card a! To keep returning to the electrical power system equipment the treatment is non-mathematical ( apart from Ohm & x27... N'T take a genius ; I was called to the scene of a good first step of electrical! In NFPA 70E ( see Sidebar above ) Director, John Saysell explains how TPM, OAC, a... Leading a fundraising challenge for the cookies in the system remains balanced results... As Scotland ( SCO51227 ) approach into practice, I remember one instance when was! Working on or around live circuits must be relevant to the lowest component that can arranged! Components, and excessive heating or corrosion want to train a group of and... The function at various parts of the function at various parts of the system is located with the aid evidence. Their build specifications, self-diagnostic faultfinding equipment find which circuit may be rare, but they do happen process... Raw materials ( eg effects of water on machinery ) the right,... Evidence collected must be trained to perform the work in a safety?. Troubleshooting: half split, measure, and excessive heating or corrosion this mechanical fault finding techniques did take! Down to two { ] YXktAs? C0Jwp/ mechanical fault finding techniques him six yes or no questions, you proven!