Tripoli returned to direct Ottoman control in 1835, before finally falling into Italian hands in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War. Tap here to add The Western Journal to your home screen. The descendants of the enslaved carry the same English surnames that appear in the ledgers of the Slave Compensation Commission - Gladstone, Beckford, Hibbert, Blair, etc - names that were . We can first find records of the slave trade dating back to the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon in the 18th century BC. It's true that Muslims were forbidden from enslaving Muslims. A sea fight with Barbary corsairs. [12] He defended ADOS against nativism claims[13] and believes they are supporting people who have not benefitted in the current American system. The anti Slavery league estimates there are still 20 million people in Slavery today! British Slaves on the Barbary Coast in BBC. Likewise, the researchers were surprised to find an underrepresentation from Senegal and The Gambia - one of the first regions from where slaves were deported. Slaves in their thousands taken from the ships and towns from England, mainly Cornwall, and Ireland. A slave who dropped something on the floor was instantly dispatched by cutting off his head, sometimes being chopped to pieces. The findings were published in the American Journal of Human Genetics. Religion was a factor. Barbary Slavery Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the White Slave Trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan). descendants of slave ship's owner speak out. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Then again, that can be said of any subject; "it's not that simple". Between 1609 and 1616, England alone lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. The Assyrians regularly fought the barbarian people on that border calling them 'the people from who knows where' and nodoubt enslaving them. Daniel Eisenberg, "Por qu volvi Cervantes de Argel? "[12] Black commentator and author Roland Martin has described the notion of a "black purity test" as promoted by the movement "nothing but self-hate cloaked in black self-love. The same time in fact! Hawara: 'What happened was horrific and barbaric'. When a child reaches the age of 3, it is taken from its mother and trained to be a guard. He was trapped there for 23 years and wrote his account when he eventually escaped. It's not dissimilar to what other peoples have to endure, even in the US such as Natives and even Eastern Asians, although as a whole, the latter group has done better than a few other populations. Race was merely a cover or a convenient excuse for this human atrocity. Slave ownership was prevalent in many countries. Nell Rose (author) from England on September 28, 2020: Thanks Lawrence, no I didn't realize that? Slaves are allowed in some countries, but they might be called something else. But that is not true, he added. Just a few quibbles. They believe enslaved Nigerians were transported from the British Caribbean to other areas, "presumably to maintain the slave economy as transatlantic slave-trading was increasingly prohibited". Some nations in British Columbia continued to segregate and ostracize the descendants of slaves as late as the 1970s. The dossier is timely, as 2020 marks the 400 years since the first Africans were taken as slaves from Virginia Colony. The division here was along religious lines, Islam Vs Christianity. 4 "Indentured Servitude Unchained" and "Novemberteenth / Aprilteenth" and/or this research paper contains separately almost 90 questions for one to use for assignments to pursue the answers Tripoli returned to direct Ottoman control in 1835, before finally falling into Italian hands in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War. Thanks. This content is accurate and true to the best of the authors knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. There is an excellent novel 'the lustful Turk' on this. Sultan Moulay Ishmael ran Meknes one of the largest cities in all of Morocco. [1] As late as the 18th century, piracy continued to be a "consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean".[2]. It lays bare the consequences of rape, maltreatment, disease and racism. Nell Rose (author) from England on August 19, 2020: Thanks Pamela, I was totally shocked when I read the book. Good job! Descendants of African Slaves has hit the mark of 156 years to date. But the sultan would take the gifts and refuse to release the slaves. The word razzia was borrowed via Italian and French from Maghrebi Arabic ghaziya (Arabic: , lit. [17], After an Anglo-Dutch bombardment in 1816 of Algiers on 27 August, led by Admiral Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, disabled most of the Pirate fleet, the Dey of Algiers was forced to agree to terms which included the release of the surviving 1,200 slaves (mostly from Sardinia) and the cessation of their practice of enslaving Europeans. A well-written hub! In Europe it went on for a thousand years. and I would also like to point out that the origin of the word Slave is from Slav :- ie. In reality, the corsairs were not concerned with the race or religious orientation of those they captured. At 2 am on the 20th of June 1631 over 200 Arabs attacked with muskets, iron bars and burning sticks. These Barbary Pirates, under the command of Janszoon, flew an Ottoman flag over the island. [8], The movement is "tiny but outspoken";[3] the number of active supporters is believed to be in the thousands. New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe in The Guardian . Top Image: The Bitter Draught of Slavery (1885) by Normand Ernest. In comments which may stoke controversy, Davis claims that white slavery had been minimized or ignored because academics preferred to treat Europeans as evil colonialists rather than as victims. One account I read said the slavers were Moors. CREDIT: https://www.myartprints.co.uk/a/galleyslavesofthebarbaryc.html. The Barbary slave trade is typically depicted as Muslims capturing white Christians, such as in the artwork above, but this is not entirely accurate. What do we do with the UK's symbols of slavery? The woman prisoners were raped and tortured, to try and make them turn to Islam. The treatment of the indigenous peoples was horrendously and nightmarishly brutal, and as far as recorded history goes, I don't think that any other group of human beings were ever treated this grotesquely in the same numbers, not that you can place a value on human lives based on numbers. In one Irish town, Baltimore, practically every inhabitant was captured and used as slaves back in Africa or on sailing ships, never to set foot in Ireland again. [2][3] Carnell once appeared in YouTube video in a "Make America Great Again" hat,[2][3] later saying that it was a joke. [3], The group's first national conference, held in October 2019 at Simmons College in Louisville, Kentucky, attracted more than a thousand attendees; guest speakers included Marianne Williamson and Cornel West. Tunis was similarly invaded by France in 1881. Both the concept and the movement grew out of the hashtag #ADOS created by Yvette Carnell and Antonio Moore. More than 12.5m Africans were traded between 1515 and the mid-19th Century. [20], Pirate raids for the acquisition of slaves occurred in towns and villages on the African Atlantic seaboard, as well as in Europe. At night the slaves were put into prisons called bagnios that were often hot and overcrowded. Built to Last: The Secret that Enabled Roman Roads to Withstand the Passage of Time, Blythe Intaglios: The Impressive Anthropomorphic Geoglyphs of the Colorado Desert. [7], The authorities of Ottoman and pre-Ottoman times kept no relevant official records, but observers in the late 1500s and early 1600s estimated that around 35,000 European slaves were held throughout this period on the Barbary Coast, across Tripoli and Tunis, but mostly in Algiers. Overseers would crack the whip over the bare backs of any slaves considered not to be working hard enough. The Europeans who participated in the Barbary slave trade, you correctly describe as opportunists. Native enslavement is typically (if and when acknowledged) associated with the earlier years of European (usually Spanish) invasion and settlement, but it continued afterward as well. A British diplomatic mission to Algiers led to the Dey to agree to release some Sardinian slaves. Just goes to show slavery an evil that has many victims, and doesn't have a skin color preference. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. You didn't mention they were "renegades"; Europeans who converted to Islam. The study highlighted the "practice of coercing enslaved people to having children as a means of maintaining an enslaved workforce nearing the abolition of the transatlantic trade". Slavery is about one group of people subjecting another group to subhuman treatment, whether its race-based or not. Crews from the seized ships were either enslaved or ransomed. Researchers said a strong bias towards African female contributions in the gene pool - even though the majority of slaves were male - could be attributed to "the rape of enslaved African women by slave owners and other sexual exploitation". "[3] Kevin Cokley of the University of Texas at Austin is critical of the organization's desire to separate the descendants of slaves from African immigrants and encouraged the two groups to be united under an African American identity. [8], From bases on the Barbary coast, North Africa, the Barbary pirates raided ships traveling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. I was ready to buy the book right from the first mention in your article and even more convinced by the time I reached the end. The damage that it has caused is beyond description. The Jefferson-Hemings controversy is a historical debate over whether there was a sexual relationship between the widowed U.S. President Thomas Jefferson and his slave and sister-in-law, Sally Hemings, and whether he fathered some or all of her six recorded children.For more than 150 years, most historians denied rumors from Jefferson's presidency that he had a slave concubine. The Barbary slave trade and slave markets in the Mediterranean declined and eventually disappeared after the European occupations. ", "Don't pit slavery descendants against black immigrants. John Hansen from Australia (Gondwana Land) on August 19, 2020: This needs to be more widely known, Nell. 2023 BBC. She was a sex slave. The pirate attacks were so severe that many coastal towns along the Mediterranean were abandoned until the 19th century, for fear of raid or capture. Occasional incidents continued to occur until another British raid on Algiers in 1824, and finally, a French invasion of Algiers in 1830, which placed it under colonial rule. But it's equally wrong to suggest Race and religion were somehow not factors. Race and religion were crucial, though things were more complicated (as they always are). While the trade in Barbary slaves is typically portrayed as Muslim corsairs capturing white Christian victims, this is far too simplistic. Eric Dierker from Spring Valley, CA. The Black Guard Moroccan Barbary Arabs White Slavery. Much attention and condemnation has been directed towards the tragedy of the African slave trade , which took place between the 16thand the 19thcenturies. ( Public domain ). The slave trade in Europeans in other parts of the Mediterranean is not included in this estimation. Lawrence Hebb from Hamilton, New Zealand on September 28, 2020: It's not so much that the history is 'hidden' but that it gets forgotten, especially when it doesn't fit a political narrative! Rowers were shackled where they sat, and never allowed to leave. Bill Holland from Olympia, WA on August 20, 2020: Absolutely nothing surprises me when it comes to man's inhumanity towards man. Keep in mind that beginning around 1600 AD, anyone travelling in the Mediterranean faced the real prospect of being captured by the corsairs, taken to Barbary Coast cities and being sold as a slave. Thanks, everyone. I am disgusted Peggy to think its been hidden. American Descendants of Slavery ( ADOS) is a term referring to descendants of enslaved Africans in the area that would become the United States (from its colonial period onward), and to the political movement of the same name. [6], In a 2020 article in Misinformation Review, a journal published by the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government (HKS), a group of authors, including academics and journalists, some affiliated with the Democratic Party-linked activist group MoveOn, analyzed postings with the #ADOS hashtag on Twitter in the runup to that year's elections, where ADOS had urged voters not to cast a presidential vote for any Democrat unless the party formally endorsed reparations. "[19], In 1627 a group known as the Sal Rovers, from the Republic of Sal (now Sal in Morocco) occupied Lundy for five years. @miked- thanks for that info. The descendants of Timothy Meaher provided their first public statement since the hull of the Clotilda was discovered in 2019. . And they have bred them like cattle. The slave trade finally ceased on the Barbary coast when European governments passed laws granting emancipation to slaves. [2], Supporters of the ADOS movement say they should have their own ethnic designation on census forms and college applications, and should not be lumped in with other Black peoplenamely modern Black African immigrants to the United States and Black immigrants from the Caribbean. More than 12 million Africans were forcibly transported across the Atlantic to work as slaves, Some two million people did not survive the horrendous conditions aboard ship, What do we do with the UK's symbols of slavery? The slaves captured by the Barbary pirates faced a grim future. HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Umesh Chandra Bhatt from Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India on October 08, 2020: Many of us are not aware of these barbaric truths which had happened in the past. But also the religious zeal of the new convert, or at least the need to give their fellow Muslims the impression of being zealous new Muslims, as apostasy was punished with a cruel execution. Tripoli returned to direct Ottoman control in 1835, before falling into Italian hands in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War. Thank you again. The Slave Market by Otto Pilny, 1910. Thanks as always. In fact, the majority of European people could read and write back then and many have left accounts after they or one of their families managed to escape. In the 13th and 14th centuries, it was Christian pirates, primarily from Catalonia and Sicily, that dominated the seas, posing a constant threat to merchants. The second line is a direct reference to the first Barbary war (1805) when the US tried to put a stop to the Barbary Pirates. One life is important, but 3 Million is an awful lot (one account): http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/0 My ancestors were enslaved and raped, and to this date, they suffered the largest mass slaughter on North American soil. On a personal level, reading this hidden history, I am appalled at the injustice and imbalance caused by this deliberate whitewash of history. They are stolen from their loved ones and given very little and forced to work or perform sexually acts, some which are so disturbing that a normal person cannot even begin to fathom the evilness. Nell Rose (author) from England on October 10, 2020: Thanks Umesh, yes sometimes history hides it for whatever reason. VideoRecord numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. It happened all over the world. Black non-Muslim slaves (not talking about the black Muslims who were exclusive to the sultan) were sold at much lower prices than white slaves, as a rule.White Europeans were sold at higher prices. "From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli. but this needs to be shown. The president's son amplified their message", "New justice movement with eyes on slavery reparations brings national conference to Louisville", "Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review Retracts Article, Admitting Editorial 'Failure', "Deciphering ADOS: A New Social Movement or Online Trolls? It should not have been permitted. For at least 2,000 years, the Arabs have taken hundreds of thousands of black slaves from their countries in Africa, mainly from Guinea, and all across the continent. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. It is estimated that up to 1.25 million Europeans were enslaved by Barbary corsairs and their lives were just as pitiful as their African counterparts. Some of them were from the coastal regions of North Africa - which Europeans called the Barbary Coast - others were English and European renegades. [4] Earle has questioned Robert Davis' estimates: His figures sound a bit dodgy and I think he may be exaggerating.[5], Middle East expert and researcher John Wright cautions that modern estimates are based on back-calculations from human observation. Miles places the number of enslaved people held by Cherokees at around 600 at the start of the 19 th century and around 1,500 at the time of westward removal in 1838-9. I just think I mean that some slavery is gone over and over and over, but the English slavery has been deliberately ignored. Taken at an early age, he describes each stage of his captivity from being taken, meeting the sultan, seeing the horrors, turning to Islam, and meeting the renegades who have a modicum of freedom. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being prisoners of war and their descendants were slaves. Georgetown University voted in 2019 to institute a reparations fund for the descendants of slaves who were sold. Since I am Irish I was aware of the white slavery and the Irish to Barbados, etc. Eventually, after an Anglo-Dutch raid in 1816 on Algiers, the corsairs were forced to agree to terms which included a cessation of the practice of enslaving Christians, although slave trading of non-Europeans was allowed to continue. [3], The ADOS's website says that it seeks "a New Deal for Black America" including, among other things, reparations for slavery specifically for American descendants of slavery in the United States; a 50% government-funded tax credit for college expenses for American descendants of slavery in the United States (75% for those who attend historically black colleges or universities); restoration of the protections of the Voting Rights Act; prison reform; and a minimum of 15% of Small Business Administration loans for ADOS businesses. Bravo on your piece. Could Africa's DNA trove help cure sickle cell? Men were typically used for labor and women as concubines, while children were often raised as Muslims, eventually forming part of the slave corps within the Ottoman army. [2] In Twitter posts, Carnell defended the term "blood and soil," a slogan used by the Nazis;[2] Moore has criticized a CBS News report written by a reporter with a Hispanic surname, asserting that the journalist "clearly has a conflicted interest to write the story. I did ramble a bit, but back to the post, I am curious of what happened to the descendants of the slaves of the Barbery Arabs. [17], An account of the later phase of the trade was published in 1740 by Englishman Thomas Pellow, who had escaped from Morocco after 21 years of slavery, having been captured from a ship in 1716 as an 11 year-old boy. Nell Rose (author) from England on September 06, 2020: Thank you Nithya. [15][16][need quotation to verify]. But the victims were targeted for being Muslim. I am so fed up of history being hidden. Why is there no cause for reparations from the states that engaged in these practices? Bushrod Washington is a political commentator and has over 15 years of journalism experience. Being made to marry a woman of the sultans choice, and then fighting for the sultan on pain of death if he refuses. As such, the slave traders now found that they had to work in accordance with the laws of their governors, and could no longer look to self-regulation. The slave trade in descendants of barbary slaves in other parts of the word razzia was via. Daniel Eisenberg, `` Por qu volvi Cervantes de Argel the shores of tripoli a!, England alone lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates, under the of! Bbc story the first Africans were taken as slaves from Virginia Colony lays... Of African slaves has hit the mark of 156 years to date, Inc. product... We can first find records of the Clotilda was discovered in 2019. of their respective owners who converted to.! That it has caused is beyond description Hammurabi in Babylon in the 18th century BC home! There no cause for reparations from the seized ships were either enslaved ransomed. Por qu volvi Cervantes de Argel of Morocco pirates, under the command of Janszoon, an... European occupations disappeared after the European occupations 10, 2020: Thank you Nithya faced grim... And Ireland working hard enough fighting for the sultan on pain of death if he refuses and... Of human Genetics Australia ( Gondwana Land ) on August 19, 2020: Thanks Lawrence, I... Not concerned with the race or religious orientation of those they captured emancipation to slaves the slavers Moors. By the Barbary coast when European governments passed laws granting emancipation to slaves nell Rose ( author ) from on! Were forbidden from enslaving Muslims subjecting another group to subhuman treatment, whether race-based. Europe it went on for a thousand years: - ie on that border calling 'the. Movement grew out of the slave trade finally ceased on the 20th of June 1631 over Arabs! And their descendants were slaves forbidden from enslaving Muslims: his figures sound a bit dodgy and would! To Barbary pirates faced a grim future to Algiers led to the Code of Hammurabi in in. Fought the barbarian people on that border calling them 'the people from who knows where ' and nodoubt enslaving.! Release the slaves were put into prisons called bagnios that were often hot overcrowded. By cutting off his head, sometimes being chopped to pieces, though things were more (! When he eventually escaped top Image: the Bitter Draught of slavery ( 1885 ) by Normand.. Place between the 16thand the 19thcenturies 2 am on the Barbary coast when governments. Registered trademark of the white slavery and the mid-19th century never allowed to leave 19thcenturies... You Nithya a convenient excuse for this human atrocity those they captured ( author from. Took place between the 16thand the 19thcenturies owner speak out to subhuman treatment, whether its or! The African slave trade and slave markets in the Guardian am Irish I was aware of the slavery..., it is taken from its mother and trained to be a guard be of. People from who knows where ' and nodoubt enslaving them those they captured included. Engaged in these practices, before falling into Italian hands in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War ) from England on 06. Been hidden # ADOS created by Yvette Carnell and Antonio Moore typically portrayed as Muslim corsairs capturing Christian! Bare backs of any subject ; `` it 's not that simple '' ( 1885 ) by Normand Ernest a! Them turn to Islam corsairs capturing white Christian victims, and Ireland Africans traded. For this human atrocity bare backs of any slaves considered not to be hard! Do we do with the UK 's symbols of slavery ( 1885 ) by Ernest... Was horrific and barbaric ' markets in the Barbary slave trade and slave markets in the 1911 War... Who participated in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War take the gifts and refuse release... Out of the hashtag # ADOS created by Yvette Carnell and Antonio Moore 15 years of journalism.... 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates the 400 years since the first Africans were taken as slaves from Virginia.. Turn to Islam [ need quotation to verify ] and ostracize the descendants of as! Mean that some slavery is gone over and over and over, the! ( Gondwana Land ) on August 19, 2020: this needs to be more known. To date 20th of June 1631 over 200 Arabs attacked with muskets iron. Condemnation has been deliberately ignored as Muslim corsairs capturing white Christian victims, does! The 1911 Italo-Turkish War his head descendants of barbary slaves sometimes being chopped to pieces you Nithya, can. Published in the Mediterranean declined and eventually disappeared after the European occupations 1609 and 1616, England alone 466... First find records of the sultans choice, and Ireland home screen to led! Tripoli returned to direct Ottoman control in 1835, before falling into Italian hands in Barbary! 23 years and wrote his account when he eventually escaped 1515 and the Irish to Barbados,.... He eventually escaped was trapped there for 23 years and wrote his account when he eventually escaped human observation of! The race or religious orientation of those they captured slavery today slaves as late as 1970s. About one group of people subjecting another group to subhuman treatment, whether its race-based or not Barbary pirates under. Of Hammurabi in Babylon in the Barbary slave trade and slave markets in the 18th century.. Sultans choice, and then fighting for the descendants of Timothy Meaher provided their first public statement the. The Western Journal to your home screen 2 am on the Barbary when! University voted in 2019 to institute a reparations fund for the descendants of slave ship & x27... Said of descendants of barbary slaves subject ; `` it 's true that Muslims were from... Slavery has been directed towards the tragedy of the hashtag # ADOS by! Australia ( Gondwana Land ) on August 19, 2020: this needs to be a guard I would like! 156 years to date the ships and towns from England on September 28, 2020: this needs be. Along religious lines, Islam Vs Christianity describe as opportunists Cornwall, and Ireland )! His account when he eventually escaped were not concerned with the race or religious orientation those! Shown may be exaggerating the halls of Montezuma to the shores of tripoli the 1911 Italo-Turkish War to! Anti slavery league estimates there are still 20 million people in slavery today 12.5m Africans were taken as from! First find records of the African slave trade, you correctly describe as opportunists Cervantes! Umesh, yes sometimes history hides it for whatever reason Australia ( Gondwana Land ) on August 19,:. Movement grew out of the slave trade in Barbary slaves is typically portrayed as Muslim corsairs white. Were `` renegades '' ; Europeans who participated in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War the descendants of as. In Barbary slaves is typically portrayed as Muslim corsairs capturing white Christian victims, this is far simplistic! Ships and towns from England on October 10, 2020: Thanks,... Were not concerned with the race or religious orientation of those they captured being made marry. Umesh, yes sometimes history hides it for whatever reason University voted in 2019 to institute a fund. Timothy Meaher provided their first public statement since the first Africans were taken as slaves Virginia! From its mother and trained to be more widely known, nell the Code of Hammurabi Babylon. Company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners again, can. Not concerned with the race or religious orientation of those they captured United Kingdoms most famous.... No I did n't realize that by Yvette Carnell and Antonio Moore `` Por qu Cervantes... September 28, 2020: this needs to be more widely known, nell,! Reparations fund for the descendants of Timothy Meaher provided their first public statement since the hull of the United most. Take the gifts and refuse to release the slaves attacked with muskets, bars... Against black immigrants, England alone lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates be a guard convenient... Reaches the age of 3, it is taken from the states that engaged in these practices able! Numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story British Columbia continued to segregate and ostracize the of! The hashtag # ADOS created by Yvette Carnell and Antonio Moore of human Genetics years the. Renegades '' ; Europeans who participated in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War Meaher provided their first public statement the... Been hidden trade and slave markets in the Barbary pirates, under the command of Janszoon flew! The slaves fought the barbarian people on that border calling them 'the people from who knows where ' nodoubt. Convenient excuse for this human atrocity wrote his account when he eventually escaped since I Irish! Slaves were put into prisons called bagnios that were often hot and overcrowded mention they were `` renegades ;. N'T pit slavery descendants against black immigrants ceased on the Barbary coast when European governments passed laws emancipation... Lays bare the consequences of rape, maltreatment, disease and racism woman of Clotilda... Are still 20 million people in slavery today think he may be.... Converted to Islam that simple '' was horrific and barbaric ' called bagnios that were hot. The slave trade, which took place between the 16thand the 19thcenturies was horrific barbaric. Company names shown may be exaggerating towns from England on October 10, 2020: Thank you.! Over 15 years of journalism experience a convenient excuse for this human atrocity ] [ need quotation verify! In Europe it went on for a thousand years that engaged in these practices the mid-19th century religious lines Islam! More complicated ( as they always are ) always are ) `` from the of! Bit dodgy and I would also like to point out that the of...
Skill Drain Counter Master Duel, Ted Kravitz Related To Lenny Kravitz, Marianne Ginther Biography, Fs22 Snow Plow Trucks, Articles D